هندبوک توربین گاز: اصول و کاربرد

هندبوک توربین گاز: اصول و کاربرد هندبوک توربین گاز اصول و کاربرد

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هندبوک توربین گاز: اصول و کاربرد

زبان اصلی

Gas Turbine Handbook:
Principles and Practice

Contents
PREFACE ...............................................................................................xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................xiii
Chapter 1—THE GAS TURBINE EVOLUTION ................................ 1
History ................................................................................... 1
Technical Improvements ....................................................... 7
Chapter 2—APPLICATIONS.............................................................. 11
Jet Engines .................................................................................. 11
Mechanical Drive ......................................................................... 15
Chapter 3—HARDWARE.................................................................... 23
Similarities and Differences ....................................................... 23
Compressors ................................................................................ 27
Turbines ....................................................................................... 27
Combustors .................................................................................. 35
Bearing Design ............................................................................ 39
Chapter 4—GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS THEORY ............................ 45
Gas Turbine Operating Cycle ..................................................... 45
Component Efficiencies ............................................................... 49
Compressor .................................................................................. 52
Burner Section ............................................................................. 72
Turbine ......................................................................................... 72
Chapter 5—GAS TURBINE CONTROLS .......................................... 79
Gas Turbine Controls .................................................................. 79
Chapter 6—ACCESSORIES (Lube Oil, Coolers, Power)................... 93
Starting Systems ......................................................................... 93
Ignition Systems .......................................................................... 98
Lubrication Systems ................................................................. 102
Characteristics of Lube Oils ..................................................... 108
Chapter 7—PARAMETER CHARACTERISTICS ........................... 113
Vibration .................................................................................... 113
viii
Vibration Measurement ............................................................ 115
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) ............................................ 117
Rotor Speed ................................................................................ 117
Oil Pressure & Temperature .................................................... 119
Chapter 8—GAS TURBINE INLET TREATMENT ........................ 123
The Environment ...................................................................... 123
Inlet Air Filters ......................................................................... 125
Filter and Gas Turbine Match .................................................. 130
Inlet Air Cooling ........................................................................ 130
Wet Compression ....................................................................... 136
Chillers ....................................................................................... 139
Chapter 9—GAS TURBINE EXHAUST TREATMENT.................. 141
Water or Steam Injection .......................................................... 146
Water Injection .......................................................................... 147
Steam Injection .......................................................................... 148
Selective Catalytic Reduction ................................................... 149
Chapter 10—GAS TURBINE ACOUSTICS
AND NOISE CONTROL ........................................................... 155
Combustion Turbines—Lots of Power in a Little Space ......... 155
Some Fundamentals of Acoustic ............................................... 158
Noise Criterion .......................................................................... 164
Noise Control ............................................................................. 165
Chapter 11—MICROTURBINES................................................................. 179
Microturbines ....................................................................................... 179
Applications ......................................................................................... 180
Hardware .............................................................................................. 182
Chapter 12—DETECTABLE PROBLEMS .................................................. 193
Gas Path Analysis ..................................................................... 194
Turbine Blade Distress ............................................................. 197
Compressor Fouling .................................................................. 205
Combustor Distress & Plugged Fuel Nozzles .......................... 209
Foreign/Domestic Object Damage ............................................ 209
ix
Worn Air/Oil Seals .................................................................... 211
Fuel Control Problems .............................................................. 212
Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION...................................... 215
Objectives & Expectations ........................................................ 215
A Back-up to Confirming Suspected Problems ........................ 218
Assessing Damage to the Compressor,
Combustor, and Turbine ........................................................... 219
Chapter 14—CASE HISTORY 1 ....................................................... 239
Chapter 15—CASE HISTORY 2 ....................................................... 259
Chapter 16—CASE HISTORY 3 ....................................................... 271
Chapter 17—CASE HISTORY 4 ....................................................... 279
Chapter 18—THE GAS TURBINE’S FUTURE ............................... 289
Appendix A
1. Gas Turbine Manufacturers
(Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers) ............................................ 297
2. Microturbines Manufacturers .......................................................... 314
Appendix B
1. Accessory Manufacturers
(Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers) ............................................ 315
Appendix C
1. Stanford Research Institute Chart .................................................... 335
2. PWA Material Chart ........................................................................... 338
3. Formulas (Interrelationship of Engine Parameters) ...................... 356
4. Hazardous Area Classification ......................................................... 364
5. Air Filter Selection Guideline Checklist ......................................... 365
6. Air/Oil Cooler Selection Guideline Checklist ............................... 368
7. Gaseous Fuel Properties .................................................................... 373
8. Liquid Fuel Properties ....................................................................... 380
9. List of Symbols ................................................................................... 382
x
10. Conversion Factors ............................................................................ 375
11. Inlet Water Cooling (Fogging) .......................................................... 380
12. Overall A-weighted Sound Level Calculation ............................... 383
13. Occupational Noise Exposure .................................................. 385
14. Elden F. Ray, Jr., P.E. Resume ................................................387
15. Microturbine and Power Converter Manufacturers ..................... 389
Appendix D
1. Technical Societies .............................................................................. 401
2. Technical Articles ............................................................................... 406
Index ............................................................................................................... 437